by Michael Koelle and Tory Herman, adapted from Sambrook et al., "Molecular Cloning"

We found that both formaldehyde and glyoxal gels work very well for electrophoresis of RNA; we only prefer glyoxal gels because the fumes from the formaldehyde gels are unpleasant. Most protocols suggest using nitrocellulose rather than charged nylon membranes for blotting; the latter are said to give higher background. We have been using uncharged nylon （"Nytran" from Schleicher and Schuell） with good results. Because a good nylon Northern blot can be kept for years and reprobed a dozen or more times with good results, it seems a shame to use nitrocellulose, which is so physically weak that the blot is unlikely to last more than a couple of probings without tearing.

As with all RNA work, precautions against RNAse contamination should be taken. Solutions should be DEPC treated; reagents and plasticware should be from fresh packages set aside for RNA work; glassware, spatulas, stir bars, etc. should be decontaminated by baking overnight at 180deg. C. Because electrophoresis boxes are often used to analyze DNA samples that have been RNase treated, they are of special concern. A special gel box and combs should be set aside for RNA work only. If there is some question that a gel box or comb has been contaminated, they can be cleaned by thorough washing with detergent, rinsing, soaking with 3% hydogen peroxide for 10 minutes at room temperature, and finally rinsing in DEPC treated water.

Solutions:

Caution: Wear gloves and avoid getting DEPC on your skin.

RNase free water （make several liters to make up the running buffer. Having some 100 ml bottles is also good.）

To ddH2O, add DEPC to 0.1%

Shake to get the DEPC droplets into solution

Leave at 37deg. overnight

Autoclave 20 minutes to destroy the DEPC

0.1 M sodium phosphate pH 7.0 （make 1 liter）

Adjust to the appropriate pH by mixing ~2/5 volume of monobasic with ~3/5 volume of dibasic 0.1 M sodium phosphate

Make using clean technique, add DEPC to 0.1%

Shake to get the DEPC droplets into solution

Leave at 37deg. overnight

Autoclave 20 minutes to destroy the DEPC

6 M glyoxal （deionized）

Glyoxal is purchased as a 40% （6M） solution （e.g. from Sigma）. Glyoxal readily oxidizes in air. Oxidation of the solution can be detected by the lowering of its pH as carboxylic acids accumulate. These charged acids can be removed by passage through a mixed-bed resin （e.g. Bio-Rad AG 501-X8）. This must be done quickly, minimizing exposure of the glyoxal to air, or it will just reoxidize as you work!

Our method is to use a baked spatula to load about 5 mls of resin into each of ~3 small Bio-Rad dispo-columns （from a fresh bag）. Measure the pH of the starting material by putting a few drops on pH paper; it will probably be <1. Pour about 10 mls of solution over the first column, collecting the eluate in an RNase free 15 mls centrifuge tube. Then pass the eluate over the column again, collecting in a second tube. Continue by passaging the solution twice each over the second and third columns, or until the pH of the solution appears to have reached a steady state. Measure the pH after each column by putting a few drops on pH paper. The goal is to reach ~pH 5, although in practice a steady state may be reached at about pH 4.5. Quickly aliquot the deionized solution into RNase free screw cap tubes （~50ul aliquots）, seal the caps tightly, and freeze at -80deg.. Each aliquot should be used only once and then discarded.

Loading buffer: 50% glycerol, 10 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0

Use glycerol from a fresh unopened bottle, and DEPC treated water and 0.1 M sodium phosphate pH 7.0.

1. In screw cap microfuge tubes mix:

6 M glyoxal 5.4 ul

DMSO 16 ul

0.1 M Na phosphate pH 7.0 3 ul

RNA （up to 10ug） 5.4 ul

incubate at 50deg. for 1 hour.

Set up a tube or two of RNA markers as well; these can be purchased from Promega （catalog # G3151）. Use 2 ug of makers per lane. These markers have sizes of 9488, 6225, 3911, 2800, 1898, 872, 562, and 363 bases.

2. Pour the gel: use 1% agarose in 10 mM Na phosphate pH 7.0. After heating in the microwave, cool to 70deg., add solid sodium iodoacetate to 10 mM （to inactivate RNAses）, cool to 50deg., and pour the gel.

3. Set up the gel: submerge the gel in running buffer （10 mM Na phosphate pH 7.0）. This low strength buffer requires recirculation during the run, so put a stir bar in each buffer tank, set up a peristaltic pump to recirculate buffer between the two tanks. Put a stir plate under each buffer tank.

4. Chill the RNA tubes on ice, spin them down briefly in the microfuge. Add 4 ul loading buffer to each tube, and immediay load the samples. You may want to add some loading buffer containing xylene cyanol and bromophenol blue to an extra lane on the gel to monitor progress of the electrophoresis. An extra blank lane should be left between the marker lane and your sample lanes. That way, it is easy to cut the marker lane off the blot and stain it. If a marker lane is left on the blot during probing, be aware that some of the markers （9.4, 6.2, 0.87 kb） hybridize with pUC vector sequences that will likely contaminate your probe; this is all the more reason to leave a space between the markers and your samples.

5. Run the gel at 3-4 V/cm. Wait about 10 minutes after turning on the power before starting the stir bars and peristaltic pump; this allows the RNA to run into the gel first so that the buffer circulation won't disturb it in the wells. It takes 2.5 hours to run the gel about 11 cm; the gel and buffer will become warm during the run.

6. After the gel is run, no further treatment of the gel is necessary before blotting. It is immediay blotted to Nytran in 20X SSPE, exactly as you would for a Southern blot （see Michael Koelle's Southern blot protocol）. After blotting overnight carefully mark the wells on the blot, UV crosslink just as you would a Southern, and dry the filter in a vacuum oven （takes about 20 minutes）.

7. Visualizing the RNA markers and/or samples: We found that post-staining glyoxal or formaldehyde gels with ethidium bromide doesn't work well. It's not possible to run glyoxal gels in ethidium, since glyoxal reacts with the ethidium. If you just want a quick check of what an RNA sample looks like, it is possible to mix ethidium bromide with RNA sample and then load the mixture on a formaldehyde gel （see Sambrook et al. for this method）. This gives a good stain, but it's not nearly as nice as what you get if you blot the gel and methylene blue stain, as described below.

When making Northern blots, however, it is preferable to visualize the RNA markers directly on the blot, since this allows for the most accurate alignment with the autorad. Cut the marker lanes （and any extra sample lanes you want to stain） off the blot. Soak in 5% acetic acid for 15 minutes, and then transfer to 0.5 M sodium phosphate （pH 5.2）, 0.04% methylene blue for 5-10 minutes at room temperature. Rinse the blot in water for 5-10 minutes, until the background is white. The markers should appear as sharp blue bands on a white background. Total RNA from C. elegans should have two heavy ribosomal RNA bands at about 3.5 kb and 1.7 kb, and a lighter smear of mRNA centered around 2 kb. Contaminating E. coli can be detected by the presence of 3.0 and 1.5 kb E. coli ribosomal RNAs.

8. Before probing the blot, soak it in 20 mM Tris pH 8.0 at 65deg. for 30 minutes. This removes the glyoxal.

9. Probe the filter exactly as you would a Southern blot. Northerns can be reused many times, so make sure to always keep the blot moist, and freeze it in a seal-a-meal bag between uses. It's best to just let the signal from previous probings decay over time before reusing the blot; repeatedly stripping the filter may decrease the signal on subsequent probings.