皮膚等軟組織等纖維化、柔韌度、緊致度、彈性材料機械特性實時測定系統 用于對以下生物力學特性進行客觀、定量和靈敏分析的激光測量系統: ●皮膚彈性、柔軟度、緊致度(測試護膚品和儀器的效果) ●傷口強度和生物力學組織特征(評估疤痕/燒傷、傷口愈合、傷口閉合和手術組織粘合劑的治療。 ●粘性有機硅凝膠(量化材料性能-乳房植入物有機硅填充物的合規性)
對皮膚,軟組織,傷口閉合,傷口愈合以及彈性材料的完整和破壞性表征的生物力學特性進行客觀,定量和靈敏的分析。
其測量樣品的種類包括人類及動物皮膚、瘢痕及愈合組織、人工凝膠及植入假體,人工器、橡膠薄膜、塑膠薄膜等多種材料。
測量原理是通過在被測皮膚表面形成負壓,使皮膚吸入測試探頭,此探頭有一對收發光管(激光收發裝置),發光管的激光功率恒定,由于吸入皮膚的深度不同,接收管感到的激光強度也不同,從而可以得到深度一氣壓差的曲線,通過分析此曲線就可以得到皮膚的彈性和粘彈性值。 
應用領域: → 皮膚纖維化、彈性、ji限形變、松弛度、硬度(模量)、能量吸收、柔韌性變化評價 → 生物力學皮膚的評估 → 病理狀態下皮膚的彈性變化 → 化妝品和激光對皮膚的效 → 皮膚及凝膠類組織的彈性、硬度實時測量 → 組織工程皮膚的生物學特性及臨床應用評價 → 體表的創傷愈合和傷口愈合的早期階段皮膚的彈性特征分析 → 非破壞性測量完整的人體皮膚,對傷口和彈性材料進行測量 主要優勢 對皮膚彈性測量為wu創型測量,不會對皮膚或材料產生破壞 采用高分辨率激光(?m)和負壓(毫米和毫巴)傳感器 測量方法簡便快捷、技術實現成本較低 屏幕進行實時圖形更新,可自動計算和自動顯示測量結果 簡單的觸摸屏界面,測試流程簡單 系統為便攜式輕量化系統,容易攜帶,可提供實時數據和結果 可選擇應力-應變計算,歸一化面積和樣品厚度 應用領域多樣,包括對皮膚、軟組織和傷口愈合、凝膠材料、薄膜材料等 用于輸入和分析測試的軟件兼容Windows 系統,可直接連接打印機進行打印

應用文獻:
BTC - 2000測量軟組織纖維化的臨床效用評價硬皮病皮膚受累和纖維化活性的生物標志物測量輻射后皮下軟組織纖維化:技術和未來方向口服補充劑改善光老化皮膚外觀的安慰劑對照研究 1人臉皮膚的粘彈性特性——初步研究硅凝膠乳房植入物的物理特性燒傷脈沖多模式定量分析減肥對脂肪團的影響:雌性脂肪營養不良(松弛度) 使用非侵入性儀器表征人的面部和腹部皮膚系統性硬化癥皮膚生物力學特性的wu創測量真皮厚度、組織成分和身體部位對皮膚生物力學特性的影響非侵入性設備和微生物活檢評估后面部皮膚再生的新用途使用BTC - 2000裝置對接受加速部分乳房照射 (APBI) 治療的患者的乳房纖維化進行客觀評估非燒蝕激光技術的定量評價。傷口破裂強度和局部皮膚粘合劑順應性的體內研究直接比較燒傷疤痕特性定量評估的重現性和可靠性In Vivo Btc - 2000 ? 測量接受手術修復的脫垂患者的前陰道壁生物力學特性脫垂陰道前壁的粘彈性測量:一種以患者為導向的方法人體脫垂陰道前壁粘彈性的體內測量生物力學皮膚特性評估:蜂窩組織皮膚是否不同 使用wu創儀器客觀測量面部嫩膚治療后人面部皮膚的變化 - Measurement of change in the mechanical properties of burned skin to therapist intervention with a vacuum device. Gabriel V, Kowalske K. Burns. 2015 Jun;41(4):796-802.
- Establishing a Reproducible Hypertrophic Scar following Thermal Injury: A Porcine Model. Scott J. Rapp, MD, Aaron Rumberg, BS, Marty Visscher, PhD, David A. Billmire, MD, Ann S. Schwentker, MD, and Brian S. Pan, MD. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2015 Feb; 3(2): e309.
- Silicone gel breast implants: science and testing. Kinney BM1, Jeffers LL, Ratliff GE, Carlisle DA. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014 Jul;134(1 Suppl):47S-56S.
- Viscoelastic Properties of Human Facial Skin- A Pilot Study. M.W. Beatty · A. Wee · D.B. Marx · L. Ridgway · B. Simetich. Conference Paper. IADR General Session and Exhibition 2014; 06/2014.
- Viscoelastic properties measurement of the prolapsed anterior vaginal wall: a patient-directed methodology. Chuong CJ, Ma M, Eberhart RC, Zimmern P. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Feb;173:106-12.
- Effect of Clostridial Collagenase Ointment on Healing, Scarring, and Granulation Tissue in Acute Wounds. David Mire, Herbert Slade, Kathy Weedon, Shai Rozen. Conference Paper: 2013 Clinical Symposium on Advances in Skin and Wound Care, At Orlando, Fl
- A comparative study of the surgically relevant mechanical characteristics of the topical skin adhesives. Singer AJ, Perry L. Acad Emerg Med. 2012 Nov;19(11):1281-6.
- LiquiBand? ExceedTM Topical Skin Adhesive Summary of Effectiveness Data. J Alarcon, BSc (Hons), CCRA, G Miller, BSc (Hons). ADVANCED MEDICAL SOLUTIONS. web: .
- Multimodal quantitative analysis of early pulsed-dye laser treatment of scars at a pediatric burn hospital. Bailey JK, Burkes SA, Visscher MO, Whitestone J, Kagan RJ, Yakuboff KP, Warner P, Randall Wickett R. Dermatol Surg. 2012 Sep;38(9):1490-6.
- TOPICAL SKIN CARE FORMULATIONS. United States Patent. Hines et al. Patent No.: US 8,178,106. Date of Patent: May 15, 2012.
- In Vivo Btc-2000 Measurement of Anterior Vaginal Wall Biomechanical Properties in Prolapse Patients Undergoing Surgical Repair. Elizabeth Mosier, Rachel Jerome, Xian-Jin Xie, Charles CJ Chuong, J Yan, Robert C Eberhart and Philippe E Zimmern. J Biotechnol Biomaterial. Dec 07, 2011. 1:117
- Antioxidants and Skin Aging: A Review. Christian Oresajo, PhD; Sreekumar Pillai, PhD; Margarita Yatskayer, MS; Germain Puccetti, PhD; David H. McDaniel, MD. Cosmetic Dermatology. November 2009 Vol. 22 No. 11.: 563-570.
- In Vivo Study of Wound Bursting Strength and Compliance of Topical Skin Adhesives. Adam J. Singer MD, Larry C. Perry RN and Robert L. Allen Jr BS. Acad Emerg Med. 2008 Dec;15(12):1290-4.
- Overexpression of mIGF-1 in Keratinocytes Improves Wound Healing and Accelerates Hair Follicle Formation and Cycling in Mice. Ekaterina Semenova, Heidi Koegel, Sybille Hasse, Jennifer E. Klatte, Esfir Slonimsky, Daniel Bilbao, Ralf Paus, Sabine Werner, and Nadia Rosenthal. Am J Pathol. 2008 Nov; 173(5): 1295–1310.
- Lip care compositions. United States Patent. Wright et al. Pub. No.: US2008/0287540A1. Pub. Date: NOV. 20, 2008
- Role of Rac1 in a Bleomycin-Induced Scleroderma Model Using Fibroblast-Specific Rac1-Knockout Mice., Liu S, Kapoor M, Shi-wen X, Kennedy L, Denton CP, Glogauer M, Abraham DJ, Leask A., Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jul;58(7):2189-95.
- Accelerated Wound Closure in Mice Deficient for Interleukin-10. Sabine A. Eming, Sabine Werner, Philippe Bugnon, Claudia Wickenhauser, Lisa Siewe, Olaf Uterm?hlen, Jeffrey M. Davidson, Thomas Krieg, and Axel Roers. Am J Pathol. 2007 Jan; 170(1): 188–202.
- Development of a method for the evaluation of wound tensile strength in cynomolgus macaques. Joel B. Cornacoff, Kreg Howk, Bill Pikounis, Vince Mendenhall, Pauline Martin. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 28 August 2007.
- Accelerated Wound Closure in Mice Deficient for Interleukin-10. Sabine A. Eming,* Sabine Werner,? Philippe Bugnon,? Claudia Wickenhauser,? Lisa Siewe,* Olaf Uterm?hlen,§ Jeffrey M. Davidson,?|| Thomas Krieg,* and Axel Roers* Am J Pathol. 2007 January; 170(1): 188–202.
- Evaluation of the multiple pass, low fluence algorithm for radiofrequency tightening of the lower face. Melissa A. Bogle, MD 1 2 *, Nathan Ubelhoer, DO 1 3, Robert A. Weiss, MD 4, Flor Mayoral, MD, Michael S. Kaminer, MD 1 Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. Volume 39, Issue 3 , Pages 210 – 217. 2007.
- Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics By Linda D. Rhein, Mitchell Schlossman, Ponisseril Somasundaran, Anthony O'Lenick. Published 2006 CRC Press. Chapter 3, Noninvasive Techniques to Measure Cutaneous Effects of Skin Care. Randall P. Wickett, PhD, Linda D. Rluein PhD, Svetlana Babajanyan MD.
- Peroxiredoxin 6 Is a Potent Cytoprotective Enzyme in the Epidermis. Angelika Kümin, Christine Huber, Thomas Rülicke, Eckhard Wolf, and Sabine Werner. Am J Pathol. 2006 October; 169(4): 1194–1205.
- Effect of Weight Loss on Cellulite: Gynoid Lypodystrophy. Smalls, Lola K. B.S.; Hicks, Matthew; Passeretti, David M.D.; Gersin, Keith M.D.; Kitzmiller, W John M.D.; Bakhsh, Adel M.D.; Wickett, R Randall Ph.D.; Whitestone, Jennifer M.S.; Visscher, Marty O. Ph.D. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 118(2):510-516, August 2006.
- COMPARISON BETWEEN LOW ENERGY, MULTIPLE PASS TECHNIQUE AND HIGH ENERGY, FEWER PASS TECHNIQUE WITH THERMACOOL SYSTEM FOR FACIAL REJUVENATION. Karen H. Kim, James Koch, and Roy G. Geronemus. Journal of American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery Abstracts 2005 Page 3 #74.
- Emerging Technologies and Therapies in Dermatology. Michael S. Krivda. Skin & Aging - ISSN: 1096-0120 - Volume 13 - Issue 9_2005 - September 2005 - Pages: 78 – 84.
- The Epidermis in Wound Healing By David T. Rovee, Howard Ira Maibach. Published 2004 Informa Health Care. Chapter 18 OptimizingEpidermal Regeneration in Facial Skin Following Aesthetic Procedures. Greg Skover. James M. Spencer, and Mitchel P. Goldman.
- Activities of the Matrix Metalloproteinase Stromelysin-2 (MMP-10) in Matrix Degradation and Keratinocyte Organization in Wounded Skin. Monika Krampert *, Wilhelm Bloch , Takako Sasaki , Philippe Bugnon *, Thomas R?licke , Eckhard Wolf ||, Monique Aumailley ", William C. Parks #, and Sabine Werner *. Vol. 15, Issue 12, 5242-5254, December 2004.
- Transgenic mice reveal novel activities of growth hormone in wound repair, angiogenesis and myofibroblast differentiation. Thorey IS, Hinz B, Hoeflich A, Kaesler S, Bugnon P, Elmlinger M, Wanke R, Wolf E, Werner S. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 18;279(25):26674-84. Epub 2004 Apr 7.
- Validation of improved texture and elasticity measurement techniques using benchmark cosmetic and dermatological anti-aging treatments. Stacy S Hawkins, PhDa, Carol Feinberga, Melissa Matzke, MSa, Ronni Weinkauf, PhDa. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Volume 50, Issue 3, Page P26 (March 2004)
- Use of a fibroblast growth factor-binding protein for the treatment and diagnosis of diabetic wound healing problems. Goppelt, Andreas (Wien, AT), Bittner Michaela (Wien, AT). United States Patent . 01/19/2006.
- Evaluation of clinical utility of BTC-2000 for measuring soft tissue fibrosis. A. M. Davis;C. Gerrand;A. Griffin;B. O'Sullivan;R. P. Hill;J. S. Wunder;A. Abudu;R. S. Bell. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Sep 1;60(1):286-94.
- Comparison of wound-bursting strengths and surface characteristics of FDA-approved tissue adhesives for skin closure. Adam J. Singer, Tom Zimmerman, Jean Rooney, Paul Cameau, Gregory Rudomen and Steve A. McClain. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. Volume 18, Number 1 / January, 2004
- Taking a Closer Look at Post-Surgical Skin Changes. Larisa Hubbs. Skin & Aging - ISSN: 1096-0120 - Volume 11 - Issue 10 - October 2003 - Pages: 100 – 104.
- Quantitative evaluation of nonablative laser technology. Friedman PM, Skover GR, Payonk G, Geronemus RG. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2002 Dec;21(4):266-73.
- Evaluation of clinical utility of BTC-2000 for measuring soft tissue fibrosis. A. M. Davis;C. Gerrand;A. Griffin;B. O'Sullivan;R. P. Hill;J. S. Wunder;A. Abudu;R. S. Bell. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Sep 1;60(1):286-94.
- Jerry J. Wilmink. Vanderbilt University Center for Matrix Biology. Research Summary. 2004
- Interference with Transforming Growth Factor-?/ Smad3 Signaling Results in Accelerated Healing of Wounds in Previously Irradiated Skin. Kathleen C. Flanders*, Christopher D. Major*, Alidad Arabshahi*, Ekinadese E. Aburime*, Miya H. Okada*, Makiko Fujii*, Timothy D. Blalock, Gregory S. Schultz, Anastasia Sowers, Mario A. Anzano*, James B. Mitchell, Angelo Russo and Anita B. Roberts*. American Journal of Pathology. 2003;163:2247-2257.
- Non-Invasive Skin Check Sensitive In Systemic Sclerosis Patients. Anne MacLennan. A DGReview of :"Non-invasive measurement of biomechanical skin properties in systemic sclerosis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (ARD Online). 03/01/2002.
- Scleroderma in children. Raynaud phenomenon, scleroderma, overlap syndromes, and other fibrosing syndromes. Foeldvari, Ivan MD. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 14(6):699-703, November 2002.
- A 28-Day Study of the Effect of Coated VICRYL* Plus Antibacterial Suture (Coated Polyglactin 910 Suture with Triclosan) on Wound Healing in Guinea Pig Linear Incisional Skin Wounds. Mark Storch, Larry C. Perry, Jeffrey M. Davidson, James J. Ward. Surgical Infections. 2002.
- Quantitative evaluation of nonablative laser technology. Friedman PM, Skover GR, Payonk G, Geronemus RG. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2002 Dec;21(4):266-73.
- Nonablative Resurfacing Improves Skin Topology (New York-Skin & Allergy News, November, 2001)
- Second Messenger Eps8 Is A Gene Therapy Candidate In Wound Healing. Yubin Shi*, Jayasri Dasgupta*,Jin-hua Liu*, Mike Slowey*, Gianluca Carlesso*, Susan R. Opalenik*, Michaela Bittner#, , Andreas Goppelt#,Jeffrey M. Davidson*? *Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, and ? Research Service, VA Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37212; # Switch-Biotech AG, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany (yubin.shi@mcmail.vanderbilt.ed)
- The Conditional Knock-Out Of The Transforming Growth Factor Type II Receptor In Fibroblasts Results In Impaired Wound Healing. Neil A. Bhowmick1, Anna Chytil1, Cher Carlisle2, Eric Neilson3, Jeffrey M. Davidson2*, Harold L. Moses1. Departments of 1Cancer Biology, 2Pathology, and 3Medicine, Vanderbilt University, and *VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 neil.bhowmick@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu
- The The S100 Proteins MRP8 and MRP14 Are Active As Gene Therapy Agents In Incisional Wound Repair. Jayasri Dasgupta*, Yubin Shi*, Uwe Gosslar?, Wolgang Hans?, Michaela Bittner?, Andreas Goppelt? and Jeffrey M Davidson*?. *Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University and ?Research Service, VA Med. Ctr., Nashville, TN and ?SWITCH Biotech AG, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany (jayasri.dasgupta@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu)
- The evaluation of aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion for photodamage., Tan MH, Spencer JM, Pires LM, Ajmeri J, Skover G., Dermatol Surg 2001 Nov;27(11):943-9
- Assessment of Biomedical Skin Properties: Is Cellulitic Skin Different? Dobke MK, DiBernardo B, Thompson RC, Usal H. Aesthetic Surg J 2002;22:260-266
- Impaired wound healing in transgenic mice overexpressing the activin antagonist follistatin in the epidermis. Wankell M, Munz B, Hubner G, Hans W, Wolf E, Goppelt A, Werner S. EMBO J 2001 Oct 1;20(19):5361-72
- Assessment of Acute Tensile Strength in Wounds Closed with Fibrin Tissue Adhesive. James W. Doyle Erin Wirth, Yaye Lo, and David Tuthill. American Red Cross, Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD. Presented at the Wound Healing Society Meeting, 2001
- Comparison of the Biomechanical Properties of Burns Grafted with Conventional Split Thickness Skin vs. IntegraTM Artificial Skin. DW Mozingo, MD; K Ben-David, MD; KJ Perrin, RN BSN; GS Schultz, PhD, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine. Presented at the John Bostwick Burn & Wound Symposium, February 2001.
- The Effect Of An Amino Acid Complex On The Biomechanical Behavior Of Facial Skin., Rube J. Pardo, Ph.D., M.D., Greg Skover, Ph.D., Florence Foucauld, M.D., Mitchel P. Goldman, M.D. And Richard E. Fitzpatrick, M.D.
- Device measures skin stiffening in systemic sclerosis. Chustecka Z, Rheumawire, March 21, 2002
- Non-invasive measurement of biomechanical skin properties in systemic sclerosis. Balbir-Gurman A, Denton CP, Nichols B, Knight CJ, Nahir AM, Martin G, Black CM. Ann Rheum Dis 2002 Mar;61(3):237-41.
- Non-Invasive Measurement Of Biomechanical Properties Of Skin In Systemic Sclerosis Patients. Balbir-Gurman A.*, Nichols B.#, Denton C.P., Knight C.K., Martin G.#, Black C.M., *Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK., #Fibrogen Inc, South San Francisco, USA. *Department of Rheumatology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa.
- Quantification Clinical Assessment of the Burn Scar, Redden R.A., Eberhardt A.W., Smith D.R.*, Walker S.G.#, Feldman D.S,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham; *Birmingham Surgical PC; #Department of Acute Physical Therapy, UAB Outpatient Burn Clinic; Wound Healing Society Annual Meeting, June 2000. Toronto, Canada.
- Quantification Of Wound Parameters In Animals Treated With Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Inihibitors, Nichols B., Witschi C., Guenzler V., Department of Preclinical Development and Pharmacology, Fibrogen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA; Wound Healing Society Annual Meeting, June 2000. Toronto, Canada..
- A Method for Measuring Human Skin Elasticity In Vivo with Observations on the Effect of Age, Sex, and Pregnancy. Grahame, R. Clinical Science (1970) 39,223-238.
- BTC-1000 ?: System for in-vivo biomechanical testing of linear incision wounds..
- Use of Octyl-2-Cyanoacrylate for Skin Closure in Facial Plastic Surgery, Dean M. Toriumi, M.D., Kevin O'Grady, Devang Desai, M.D., Amita Bagal, M.D, Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, November 1998, Vol. 102, No. 6.
- A Method for Assessing Biomechanical Properties of Intact Skin. Azurin, D.J, Perry, L., Gendimenico, G., Allen, R., Maxwell, G.P., Fisher, J., Energy Absorption: Presented at the American Society of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeons Annual Meeting - Boston, October 7 1998.
- A Non-Disruptive In-Vivo Method for Biomechanical Characterization of Linear Incision Wound Healing: A Preliminary Report. Gingrass M., Perry L., Matrisian L., Hill D., Wright T., Robson M., Fisher J. Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1998, Vol. 102, No. 3: 801-806.
- A Randomized Trial Comparing Octylcyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesive and Sutures in the Management of Lacerations. Quinn, J., Wells, G., Sutcliffe, T., Jarmuske, M., Maw, J., Stiell, I., Johns, P., JAMA, May 21, 1997-Vol 277, No. 19, pages 1527-1530.
- The Role of Glutathione in a Rat Incisional Wound Model. Adamson B., Schwarz D., Clugston P., Gilmont R., Perry L., Fisher J., Lindblad W., Rees R. Delayed Repair: Journal of Surgical Research 1996, Vol. 62, 159-164..
- A Technology and Methodology for Mechanical Characterization of Intact Elastic Materials, and In-vivo Biomechanical Analysis of Soft Tissues and Linear Incision Wounds. Perry, L., Maxwell, GP., Fisher, J., Proceedings from The Biomaterials Society Meeting, San Francisco California. March 1995.
- A New Technology for In-vivo biomechanical Tissue Analysis: Surgical Tissue Adhesives and Wound Healing. Vistnes D. M., Perry L. C., Fisher J., G. P. Maxwell. Proceedings from the Symposium on Surgical Tissues Adhesives, Atlanta, Georgia. October 1994.
- True In-Vivo Analysis of Linear Incision Wound Strength. Vistnes D. M., Perry L. C., G. P. Maxwell, Fisher J. Abstracts from Technologies to Assess Wound Healing Symposium. San Francisco, California, May 1994.
- In-Vivo Multiaxial Stress-Strain Analysis of Soft Tissue: An Advancement in the Analysis of Incisional Wound Strength. Vistnes D. M., Perry L. C., G. P. Maxwell, Fisher J. Proceedings from The Biomaterials Society Meeting, Boston, MA. April 1994.
- A New Method for Characterization of Elastic Materials: Compliance Analysis of Silicone Elastomer Shells. Vistnes D., Perry L., Fisher J., Maxwell P., Proceedings from The Biomaterials Society Meeting, Boston, MA. April 1994.
- Characterization of Silicone Elastomer Shells: The Role of Structural Modifications. Vistnes D. M., Perry L. C., Fisher J., Maxwell G. P. Abstracts from the 39th Annual Meeting of the Plastic Surgery Research Council. Ann Arbor, Michigan. June 1994.
- Evaluation of Silicone Gel Sheeting on the Wound Healing of Linear Incisions. Clugston P. A., Vistnes D. M., Perry L. C., Maxwell G. P., Fisher J. Annals of Plast. Surg. 1994, Vol. 34(1) 12-15.
- Materials Characterization System Meets Increasing Demands. Perry, L. Biomaterials forum, Vol 16(4), September 1994.
- The Role of TGF-B1 and EGF in the Wound Healing Process: An In-Vivo Biomechanical Evaluation. Perry LC, Connors AW, Matrisian LM, Nanney LB, Charles D, Reyes D. J Wound Repair and Regen 1993; 1: 41-6.
- A New In-Vivo System for Biomechanical Characterization of Skin and Wound Healing. Perry LC, Fisher J. J 11th Southern Eng Conf 1992:83-4.
- An Improved Method of Wound Disruption and Measurement. Charles D, Williams K III, Perry L C, Fisher J, Rees R. J Surg. Res 1992; 52:214-8.
|